信阳地方文献与信阳地方文化的关系

信阳地方文献与信阳地方文化之间有着十分紧密的关系。独具特色的信阳文化是信阳地方文献产生的基础。同时,信阳地方文献对信阳地方文化的发展起着十分重要的作用:信阳地方文献推动了信阳地方物质文化的发展;信阳地方文献促进了信阳地方精神文化的建设。     

Breeding for increased grain protein and micronutrient content in wheat: Ten years of the GPC-B1 gene

To provide food and nutrition security for a growing world population, continued improvements in the yield and nutritional quality of agricultural crops will be required. Wheat is an important source of calories, protein and micronutrients and is thus a priority to breed for improvements in these traits. The GRAIN PROTEIN CONTENT-B1 (GPC-B1) gene is a positive regulator of nutrient translocation which increases protein, iron and zinc concentration in the wheat grain. In the ten years since it was cloned, the impacts of GPC-B1 allelic variation on quality and yield traits have been extensively analyzed in diverse genetic backgrounds in field studies spanning forty environments and seven countries. In this review, we compile data from twenty-five studies to summarize the impact of GPC-B1 allelic variation on fifty different traits. Taken together, the results demonstrate that the functional copy of the GPC-B1 gene is associated with consistent positive effects on grain protein, Fe and Zn content with only marginally negative impacts on yield. We conclude that the GPC-B1 gene has the potential to increase nutritional and end use quality in a wide range of modern cultivars and environments and discuss the possibilities for its application in wheat breeding.     

Quantitative trait loci for fruit size and flowering time-related traits under domestication and diversifying selection in cucumber (Cucumis sativus)

In cucumber, the genetic basis of traits under domestication and/or diversifying selection is not well understood. Here, we reported QTL mapping for flowering time and fruit size-related traits with segregating populations derived from a cultivated × wild cross. Phenotypic data of flowering time (FT), fruit size (FS), fruit number (FN) and fruit weight per plant (FW) were collected in multiple environments. QTL analysis identified 19 QTL for these traits. We found that the major-effect QTL FT1.1 played an important role in regulating flowering time in cultivated cucumber, whereas the minor-effect QTL FT6.3 contributed to photoperiod sensitive flowering time during domestication. Two novel consensus FS QTL, FS1.4 and FS2.3, seem to be the targets of selection during breeding for the US processing cucumber. All other FS QTL were co-localized with previously detected QTL using populations derived from cultivated cucumbers, suggesting that they were under selection during both initial domestication and subsequent improvement. Results from this study also suggested that the wild cucumber is a useful resource for capturing positive transgressive segregation and novel alleles that could be explored in cucumber breeding.     

不同地区楼葱栽培种的性状与品质分析

为了研究不同地区楼葱的特性,试验对我国不同地区12个楼葱栽培种的数量性状和品质性状进行了测定分析。14个数量性状的相关分析结果显示,主成分分析数量指标后,单株质量、株高、假茎质量、花葶高、叶形指数和假茎指数影响分类;相关性分析说明主要数量指标间具有极显著相关性(P<0.01)。聚类分析后,遗传距离为3.1时可将楼葱种质根据所得主要数量性状分为4个类群。测定不同地区楼葱6个品质指标后,相关性分析结果表明,紧实度与蛋白质含量、干物质率、香辛油含量、总糖含量、游离氨基酸总量存在着极显著正相关或相关性,主成分分析表明主成分反映了89.99%的原有信息量,楼葱的干物质率与紧实度为主要成分;应用灰色关联度分析了品质与数量性状的关系,假茎直径、出叶孔间距、单株质量这3个数量性状对楼葱品质的影响居前3位。研究表明楼葱种质材料具有极其丰富的遗传多样性,宁夏同心2个地区黄水桥HSQ、石羊圈SYJ的楼葱种质距其他种质资源间亲缘关系最远且干物质率含量及紧实度最高。     

不同密度紧凑型油菜的源库特征及与收获指数的相关研究

旨在为油菜株型育种和机械化栽培提供理论和技术依据。选用3个不同类型的紧凑型油菜常规品种,以松散型油菜杂交种‘秦优7号’为对照,研究了在15万、30万、45万、60万、75万、90万株/hm²密度下各品系的库源特征及其与收获指数的关系。结果表明,紧凑型油菜单株在不同密度下的库源特征与对照松散型相同,单株根、茎、枝、壳干重,角粒数和单株角果数随种植密度的增加而降低,且低密度显著高于高密度;千粒重随密度的变化不大。紧凑型油菜的生物学产量和经济产量随种植密度的增加而增加,松散型油菜随种植密度的增加而下降。说明紧凑型油菜适宜密植和机械化收获。收获指数对密度的响应在两类型品种表现一致,最低密度15万株/hm²增加到30万株/hm²时达到峰值,以后随着种植密度的继续增加而降低。收获指数与茎+枝+壳干重之和,与库性状角粒数、角果数、千粒重、单株产量,与库源关系的粒根比、粒茎比、粒枝比、粒壳比显著正相关,说明要提高收获指数不仅要扩“源”增“库”,还要协调库源的合理分配比例。     

Quantitative trait loci mapping for yield-related traits under low and high planting densities in maize (Zea mays)

Average maize yield per hectare has increased significantly because of the improvement in high-density tolerance, but little attention has been paid to the genetic mechanism of grain yield response to high planting density. Here, we used a population of 301 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross YE478 × 08–641 to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for 16 yield-related traits under two planting densities (57,000 and 114,000 plants per ha) across four environments. These yield-related traits responded differently to high-density stress. A total of 110 QTLs were observed for these traits: 33 QTLs only under low planting density, 50 QTLs under high planting density and 27 QTLs across both densities. Only two major QTLs, qCD6 and qWKEL2-2, were identified across low- and high-density treatments. Seven environmentally stable QTLs were also observed containing qED6, qWKEL3, qRN3-3, qRN7-2, qRN9-2 and qRN10 across both densities, as well as qRN9-1 under low density. In addition, 16 and eight pairs of loci with epistasis interaction (EPI) were detected under low and high planting densities, respectively. Additionally, nine and 17 loci showed QTL × environment interaction (QEI) under low- and high-density conditions, respectively. These interactions are of lesser importance than the main QTL effects. We also observed 26 pleiotropic QTL clusters, and the hotspot region 3.08 concentrated nine QTLs, suggesting its great importance for maize yield. These findings suggested that multiple minor QTLs, loci with EPI and QEI, pleiotropy and the complex network of “crosstalk” among them for yield-related traits were greatly influenced by plant density, which increases our understanding of the genetic mechanism of yield-related traits for high-density tolerance.     

A genetic linkage map in southern‐by‐spring oat identifies multiple quantitative trait loci for adaptation and rust resistance

We developed 178 recombinant inbred lines from a southern‐by‐spring oat population designated as “TxH.” These lines were genotyped to generate a high‐quality linkage map that resolved 6,902 markers into 21 linkage groups that matched closely with the latest hexaploid oat consensus map. Three major quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting heading date were found in locations that are consistent with known QTLs and candidate genes, and two other QTLs affecting heading date were found in novel locations. Five QTLs affecting plant height were found. Both sets of QTLs are responsible for transgressive segregation observed for these two traits. Four QTLs affecting resistance to crown rust, caused by the pathogen Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae, were identified. Two of these QTLs are consistent with known clusters of rust resistance genes, while two may represent new locations of novel rust resistance genes. A complete set of SNP sequences suitable for generating markers for molecular selection is provided.     

Bulk pollen pollination in maize for efficient construction of introgression populations with high genome coverage

Introgression populations consist of a set of introgression lines or families, constructed by continuous backcrossing to the recurrent parent, while carrying a limited number of chromosome segments from a donor parent in their genomes. Increasing the genome coverage is an important aim when constructing introgression population. In this study, we proposed bulk pollen pollination (BPP) method and used it to increase the genome coverage of a maize introgression population. The results showed that the genome coverage of the introgression population constructed using BPP method reached 100% at BC₃ generation, which accorded with the simulation result. The BPP‐based BC₃F_1:2 population could identify most quantitative trait loci (QTL) detected using the F_2:3 population, especially major QTL. Simulation analysis showed that the genome coverage of introgression population increased with the increase of population size and the number of bulked plants, and decreased with the increase of backcross generation. Our results proved the reliability of the BPP‐based introgression population in increasing genome coverage and detecting QTL, and provided references for constructing high‐coverage introgression populations.     

紫薇花器官发育调控基因LiFUL1的分离与表达分析

紫薇湘韵具有只开花不结实的特性,表现为花药不开裂、花粉败育、胚珠发育异常。紫薇红叶为普通紫薇,可正常开花结实。以紫薇湘韵为试验材料,采用RT-PCR方法,从花芽中分离得到1个FRUITFULL(FUL)同源基因,命名为LiFUL1(GenBank登录号为MN894547)。序列分析结果表明,其cDNA开放阅读框长度为753 bp,编码251个氨基酸,分子质量为28.453 13 ku。序列比对和保守结构域分析结果表明,LiFUL1基因编码蛋白具有典型的MADS-MEF2和K-box 结构域,C末端含有一个保守性高的基序euFUL MOTIF,因此,LiFUL1属于MADS家族的FUL/AP1亚家族。进化分析表明,紫薇的LiFUL1基因编码的蛋白氨基酸序列与木本植物蓝桉的FUL/AP1氨基酸序列亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR分析结果表明,LiFUL1基因在紫薇湘韵花器官分化阶段的花萼分化时期、花瓣与雄蕊分化时期、雄蕊与雌蕊分化时期的表达量显著高于紫薇红叶。另外,利用原核表达系统在大肠埃希菌中成功表达了LiFUL1蛋白,为进一步研究LiFUL1基因的功能奠定了基础。     

不同类型烟草种质的烟碱含量变化与相关基因表达水平

为研究不同类型烟草种质的烟碱含量变化规律与相关基因的表达情况,以烤烟K326、香料烟巴斯玛、白肋烟TN90、晾烟马里兰为材料,采用荧光定量PCR技术,测定了烟草不同生育时期上部叶、中部叶、下部叶的烟碱含量与烟碱代谢过程中相关基因PMT、QPT、CYP82E5V2、A622的表达水平。结果表明,随着生育期的推进,烟碱含量缓慢上升,打顶后急剧增加,除巴斯玛打顶后还继续上升外,K326、TN90和马里兰烟均表现为:打顶后烟碱含量急剧增加,后缓慢下降,再渐趋平稳。不同类型烟草种质的PMT在不同生育期均有表达,苗期PMT表达量较高,其变化趋势与烟碱含量的基本一致;QPT在烟草发育前期表达量较高,而后下降,至打顶前1周表达量出现一个峰值,打顶后表达量持续增加,与烟碱含量变化呈正相关;CYP82E5V2表达量在不同生育时期均维持在较高水平,呈波浪型,生长旺期时表达量上升,打顶前后均出现峰值,但巴斯玛成熟期时其表达量下降,打顶前CYP82E5V2表达量与烟碱含量变化呈正相关,打顶后期至成熟期两者呈一定程度的负相关;K326和马里兰烟的A622表达量呈波浪型上升,至成熟时仍维持较高水平,而TN90和巴斯玛在打顶前后1周表达量较高,后表达下降再上升,成熟时表达量较低,与烟碱含量变化无明显一致性。